Manufacturer of Stemregen

Stem Cells Can Support Endocrine Function

Endocrine glands and organs play a vital role in human health by producing compounds that regulate the functioning of various organs and tissues at the cellular level. Best known examples of this include insulin, which helps sugar to penetrate cells, thyroid hormones that stimulate metabolism, and several hormones produced by the adrenal glands responsible for regulating fat metabolism, men’s sex organs, and overall hydration to name a few.  By far the main endocrine dysfunction, affecting an estimated 425 million individuals worldwide, is diabetes.

What is diabetes?

Diabetes mellitus (commonly referred to as diabetes) is a metabolic syndrome caused by a deficiency in insulin, a hormone produced by ß -cells in the pancreas that plays a crucial role in the uptake of glucose by every cell of the body. Diabetes is therefore characterized by abnormally high glucose levels in the blood. The two common forms of diabetes are caused by either a decline in the actual production of insulin (Type 1) or a diminished response by the cells to insulin (Type 2).

Elevation in blood glucose levels leads to the glycation of various blood proteins, which in turn leads to the formation of compounds called “Advanced Glycation End products” (AGEs). AGEs are responsible for most of the problems associated with diabetes such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and diabetic wounds, to name a few.[1]

There is no solution

Although diabetes has been relatively well-controlled since insulin became medically available in 1921, there is still no cure for the disease. Diabetes and its complications altogether constitute the number 1 cause of morbidity worldwide, including retinopathy (degeneration of the retina), kidney failure, heart disease, neuropathy (loss of sensation), vascular degeneration (poor circulation), diabetic wounds and ultimately amputation. While controlled, it remains a huge problem.

The Stem Cell Promise

As soon as it was discovered that stem cells can transform into cells of various tissues, scientists began to look at the potential application of stem cells to diabetes. Rapidly, bone marrow stem cells were shown to have the ability to transform into insulin-producing cells.[2] But more importantly, in a landmark study, scientists demonstrated that this phenomenon takes place naturally in the pancreas, in a living organism. In that study, after transplanting fluorescent stem cells, fluorescent insulin-producing cells were found in the pancreas. Therefore, stem cells have the ability of naturally leaving the bone marrow, migrating into the pancreas and transforming into normal insulin-producing pancreatic cells.[3] Stem cells were also documented to form new blood vessels in the pancreas and improve pancreatic function.[4]

Using Stem Cells to Improve Blood Glucose

As the concept of Endogenous Stem Cell Mobilization (ESCM) evolved and gained interest, many scientific groups investigated whether stimulating the release of one’s own stem cells could improve pancreatic function. Using various protocols, ESCM was documented to harbor great potential in improving pancreatic function and helping to normalize blood glucose levels.[5],[6] The same results were reported when both ESCM and subsequent stem cell injections were used in humans.[7] In that study, using 15 individuals recently diagnosed with insulin-dependent diabetes Type 1, 14 became insulin-free for up to 3 years. ESCM was also documented to have beneficial effects on problems associated with diabetes like retinopathy[8] and wounds.[9],[10]

Stem Cell Number and Pancreatic Function

As stem cells were being investigated to help improve pancreatic function, it was discovered that as people advance through the various phases of the development of diabetes, they have fewer and fewer circulating stem cells.[11] The same observation was made with diabetic complications such as vascular problems and kidney problems.[12],[13] In other words, people developing diabetes and its complications have, on average, fewer stem cells than healthy individuals.

But this problem was in fact dual, meaning that while pancreatic function was declining because of a decline in the number of circulating stem cells, the consequent increase in blood glucose was creating AGEs, which in turn reduced the ability of the bone marrow to release stem cells.[14],[15] In other words, once diabetes starts to develop, it is the whole body that experiences a reduced ability to release stem cells and therefore to repair the very condition causing diabetes and stay healthy. So, increasing the number of circulating stem cells becomes even more important as general health support for diabetics.

Thyroid and Adrenal Functions

Likewise, although more research needs to be done in this area, many studies have documented the ability of bone marrow stem cells to transform into functional cells of both the thyroid and adrenal glands, and to improve functions of these tissues.[16],[17],[18],[19]

Conclusion

Whether it improves the actual function of the pancreas or simply helps the whole body renew and maintain optimal health, supporting the natural release of one’s own stem cells using a natural stem cell enhancer can bring significant benefits to individuals challenged with problems of the endocrine system.

What is diabetes?

Diabetes mellitus (commonly referred to as diabetes) is a metabolic syndrome caused by a deficiency in insulin, a hormone produced by ß -cells in the pancreas that plays a crucial role in the uptake of glucose by every cell of the body. Diabetes is therefore characterized by abnormally high glucose levels in the blood. The two common forms of diabetes are caused by either a decline in the actual production of insulin (Type 1) or a diminished response by the cells to insulin (Type 2).

Elevation in blood glucose levels leads to the glycation of various blood proteins, which in turn leads to the formation of compounds called “Advanced Glycation End products” (AGEs). AGEs are responsible for most of the problems associated with diabetes such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and diabetic wounds, to name a few.[1]

There is no solution

Although diabetes has been relatively well-controlled since insulin became medically available in 1921, there is still no cure for the disease. Diabetes and its complications altogether constitute the number 1 cause of morbidity worldwide, including retinopathy (degeneration of the retina), kidney failure, heart disease, neuropathy (loss of sensation), vascular degeneration (poor circulation), diabetic wounds and ultimately amputation. While controlled, it remains a huge problem.

The Stem Cell Promise

As soon as it was discovered that stem cells can transform into cells of various tissues, scientists began to look at the potential application of stem cells to diabetes. Rapidly, bone marrow stem cells were shown to have the ability to transform into insulin-producing cells.[2] But more importantly, in a landmark study, scientists demonstrated that this phenomenon takes place naturally in the pancreas, in a living organism. In that study, after transplanting fluorescent stem cells, fluorescent insulin-producing cells were found in the pancreas. Therefore, stem cells have the ability of naturally leaving the bone marrow, migrating into the pancreas and transforming into normal insulin-producing pancreatic cells.[3] Stem cells were also documented to form new blood vessels in the pancreas and improve pancreatic function.[4]

Using Stem Cells to Improve Blood Glucose

As the concept of Endogenous Stem Cell Mobilization (ESCM) evolved and gained interest, many scientific groups investigated whether stimulating the release of one’s own stem cells could improve pancreatic function. Using various protocols, ESCM was documented to harbor great potential in improving pancreatic function and helping to normalize blood glucose levels.[5],[6] The same results were reported when both ESCM and subsequent stem cell injections were used in humans.[7] In that study, using 15 individuals recently diagnosed with insulin-dependent diabetes Type 1, 14 became insulin-free for up to 3 years. ESCM was also documented to have beneficial effects on problems associated with diabetes like retinopathy[8] and wounds.[9],[10]

Stem Cell Number and Pancreatic Function

As stem cells were being investigated to help improve pancreatic function, it was discovered that as people advance through the various phases of the development of diabetes, they have fewer and fewer circulating stem cells.[11] The same observation was made with diabetic complications such as vascular problems and kidney problems.[12],[13] In other words, people developing diabetes and its complications have, on average, fewer stem cells than healthy individuals.

But this problem was in fact dual, meaning that while pancreatic function was declining because of a decline in the number of circulating stem cells, the consequent increase in blood glucose was creating AGEs, which in turn reduced the ability of the bone marrow to release stem cells.[14],[15] In other words, once diabetes starts to develop, it is the whole body that experiences a reduced ability to release stem cells and therefore to repair the very condition causing diabetes and stay healthy. So, increasing the number of circulating stem cells becomes even more important as general health support for diabetics.

Thyroid and Adrenal Functions

Likewise, although more research needs to be done in this area, many studies have documented the ability of bone marrow stem cells to transform into functional cells of both the thyroid and adrenal glands, and to improve functions of these tissues.[16],[17],[18],[19]

Conclusion

Whether it improves the actual function of the pancreas or simply helps the whole body renew and maintain optimal health, supporting the natural release of one’s own stem cells using a natural stem cell enhancer can bring significant benefits to individuals challenged with problems of the endocrine system.

Click to expand sources (1 to 10)

[1] Advanced glycation end products and diabetic complications.

Singh VP, Bali A, Singh N, Jaggi AS.

Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2014 Feb;18(1):1-14.

 

[2] Differentiation of rat marrow mesenchymal stem cells into pancreatic islet beta-cells.

Chen LB, Jiang XB, Yang L.

World J Gastroenterol. 2004 Oct 15;10(20):3016-20.

 

[3] In vivo derivation of glucose-competent pancreatic endocrine cells from bone marrow without evidence of cell fusion.

Ianus A, Holz GG, Theise ND, Hussain MA.

J Clin Invest. 2003 Mar;111(6):843-50.

 

[4] Recruitment of bone marrow-derived endothelial cells to sites of pancreatic beta-cell injury.

Mathews V, Hanson PT, Ford E, Fujita J, Polonsky KS, Graubert TA.

Diabetes. 2004 Jan;53(1):91-8.

 

[5] Mechanisms of therapeutic effects of granulocytic colony-stimulating factor in experimental diabetes mellitus.

Gol’dberg ED, Dygai AM, Zhdanov VV, Zyuz’kov GN, Ermakova NN, Vetoshkina TV, Fomina TI, Ermolaeva LA, Dubskaya TY.

Bull Exp Biol Med. 2008 Oct;146(4):543-6.

 

[6] Bone marrow (BM) transplantation promotes beta-cell regeneration after acute injury through BM cell mobilization.

Hasegawa Y, Ogihara T, Yamada T, Ishigaki Y, Imai J, Uno K, Gao J, Kaneko K, Ishihara H, Sasano H, Nakauchi H, Oka Y, Katagiri H.

Endocrinology. 2007 May;148(5):2006-15.

 

[7] Autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Voltarelli JC, Couri CE, Stracieri AB, Oliveira MC, Moraes DA, Pieroni F, Coutinho M, Malmegrim KC, Foss-Freitas MC, Simões BP, Foss MC, Squiers E, Burt RK.

JAMA. 2007 Apr 11;297(14):1568-76.

 

[8] Auto-mobilized adult hematopoietic stem cells advance neovasculature in diabetic retinopathy of mice.

Tian B, Li XX, Shen L, Zhao M, Yu WZ.

Chin Med J (Engl). 2010 Aug;123(16):2265-8.

 

[9] Are granulocyte colony-stimulating factors beneficial in treating diabetic foot infections?: A meta-analysis.

Cruciani M, Lipsky BA, Mengoli C, de Lalla F.

Diabetes Care. 2005 Feb;28(2):454-60.

 

[10] Bone marrow cell mobilization by the systemic use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) improves wound bed preparation.

Iwamoto S, Lin X, Ramirez R, Carson P, Fiore D, Goodrich J, Yufit T, Falanga V.

Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2013 Dec;12(4):256-64.

Click to expand sources (11 to 19)

[11] Time course and mechanisms of circulating progenitor cell reduction in the natural history of type 2 diabetes.

Fadini GP, Boscaro E, de Kreutzenberg S, Agostini C, Seeger F, Dimmeler S, Zeiher A, Tiengo A, Avogaro A.

Diabetes Care. 2010 May;33(5):1097-102.

 

[12] Number and function of endothelial progenitor cells as a marker of severity for diabetic vasculopathy.

Fadini GP, Sartore S, Albiero M, Baesso I, Murphy E, Menegolo M, Grego F, Vigili de Kreutzenberg S, Tiengo A, Agostini C, Avogaro A.

Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006 Sep;26(9):2140-6.

 

[13] Decreased circulating CD34+ cells are associated with progression of diabetic nephropathy.

Makino H, Okada S, Nagumo A, Sugisawa T, Miyamoto Y, Kishimoto I, Kikuchi-Taura A, Soma T, Taguchi A, Yoshimasa Y.

Diabet Med. 2009 Feb;26(2):171-3. 

 

[14] Diabetes impairs hematopoietic stem cell mobilization by altering niche function.

Ferraro F, Lymperi S, Méndez-Ferrer S, Saez B, Spencer JA, Yeap BY, Masselli E, Graiani G, Prezioso L, Rizzini EL, Mangoni M, Rizzoli V, Sykes SM, Lin CP, Frenette PS, Quaini F, Scadden DT.

Sci Transl Med. 2011 Oct 12;3(104):104ra101.

 

[15] Diabetes impairs stem cell and proangiogenic cell mobilization in humans.

Fadini GP, Albiero M, Vigili de Kreutzenberg S, Boscaro E, Cappellari R, Marescotti M, Poncina N, Agostini C, Avogaro A.

Diabetes Care. 2013 Apr;36(4):943-9.

 

[16] Thyroid regeneration: how stem cells play a role?

Kimura S.

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2014 Apr 14;5:55.

 

[17] Bone marrow stem cells repopulate thyroid in X-ray regeneration in mice.

Mikhailov VM, Sokolova AV, Serikov VB, Kaminskaya EM, Churilov LP, Trunin EM, Sizova EN, Kayukov AV, Bud’ko MB, Zaichik ASh.

Pathophysiology. 2012 Feb;19(1):5-11. 

 

[18] Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into gonad and adrenal steroidogenic cells.

Yazawa T, Imamichi Y, Miyamoto K, Umezawa A, Taniguchi T.

World J Stem Cells. 2014 Apr 26;6(2):203-12. 

 

[19] New directions for the treatment of adrenal insufficiency.

Ruiz-Babot G, Hadjidemetriou I, King PJ, Guasti L.

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2015 May 6;6:70.

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